Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste (terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond), is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.

Aggregate is the term given to the material (sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, etc.) frequently used in construction for reinforcement and stabilizing the structure. Aggregates are widely used for columns, beams, foundations, and roads.

In Building Construction, a beam is a horizontal structural element that generally resists the load applied laterally to the beam by columns, walls and building elements. The beam runs horizontally along the main wall of the building at ceiling height and supports the structure.

Bracing is a structural reinforcement that is also a secondary but necessary component of the bridge structure. A bracing system serves to stabilize the main girders during construction. One form of bracing is cross bracing, which features two members organized in an X-shape so that one deals with tension and the other with compression

Camber is a slope commonly present on highways or roadways to direct surface water or precipitation to drains. Camber is a slope that is raised at one end. It is also known as the road’s “cross slope.” Cambers are not just built to help with water drainage; they also keep the road from degrading. If rainfall collects on the road and does not drain awa

Chimney in architecture are shafts, within or next to buildings, intended to carry flue gases from fireplaces (including ovens and appliances) into the open air above the roof. Each of the following must be connected to its chimney: each fireplace with a nominal heat output of more than 20 kW (for gas fires and appliances, more than 30 kW); each fireplace in buildings of more than five full storeys; each open fireplace; each fireplace with a burner and blow

Cladding refers to any material which is used to cover the primary structure of a building. It acts as a non-structural system that protects the roof or exterior walls from rain, sunlight, and other environmental conditions. Cladding adds one more layer to the external wall or roof. The cladding system consists of an outer weather protective layer, screen, or fillers attached with the help of brackets, gaskets, flashing, sealants, and other

In architecture and building construction, a column or pillar is the most significant structural element that aids in the transmission of load from above to the ground. The column carries all of the loads from the slab, beam, ceiling, and arches and transfers them to the footing and into the earth. Columns are similar to bones in the human body. Bones provide us strength, keep us steady, and transport all of our body weight to our legs. In the buildings, the columns operate just like that. It is essential to the structure’s surviv

Concrete consists of cement, water, sand, rock, and sand aggregates and admixtures. Admixtures are added during the mixing of the concrete to produce special properties. They can alter the setting, hardening, strength, and durability of the concrete

The Corinthian order is one of three classical orders in Ancient Greek and Roman architecture. It is the most elaborate of all three orders and was the least developed. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals ornate with acanthus leaves and scrolls.

A cricket, or saddle, in construction, is a triangular structure constructed to divert the surface water from the roof to the drains. It is designed on a flat or pitched roof mainly around the chimney, roof edges, curbs (Skylights and HVAC), drains, or wherever a 90° angle is formed on the roof. The main purpose of the cricket is to divert the water from the low slope and flat roofs with the parapet wall to…

A curtain wall system is a building’s exterior covering in which the outside walls are non-structural and only serve to keep the weather out and the people in. Curtain walls are nonstructural elements constructed of lightweight materials that help to reduce building expenses. A significant advantage of using glass as the curtain wall is that natural light may reach deeper into the structu

A drainage system that involves the removal of surface water through well-defined pipeline connectivity or channels is known as a drainage system. Drainage systems for buildings are constructed to work under gravity wherever possible.

Glass is an inorganic building material that is made from liquid sand. It is a hard but at the same time very fragile non-crystalline solid that is often transparent or translucent, brittle, and chemically inert.

The Tuscan order is one of the classical orders of Roman architecture; the other four are Ionic, Doric, Corinthian, and Composite. The Tuscan order originated from the Etruscan civilization during the Iron Age.